Goats, pots, fruit, etc. produce Supplies. Watch when you collect, you'll see the supplies number increase.
What shows up in inventory are goods. Goods are produced in goods buildings, whose technology you unlock in the tech tree. You'll also need to uncover the raw materials you have from the map, you'll get 2 raw material deposits out of the five goods from your age. Once you've uncovered the raw materials, and unlocked the tech, you can build the goods building and produce the goods.
You only want to produce the 2 goods you have deposits for, you'll then use thoose to trade for the other 3 goods you'll need.